{"id":565,"date":"2020-05-13T19:43:44","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T19:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/?page_id=565"},"modified":"2020-05-15T06:56:33","modified_gmt":"2020-05-15T06:56:33","slug":"3-money-changing-and-ambulant-trade","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/3-money-changing-and-ambulant-trade\/","title":{"rendered":"-3. Money Changing and Ambulant Trade"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Money
Page on money lending and ambulat trade<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

No records exist in Utrecht of Jewish presence before 1435. Money lending was possibly done (no proof is available) by Lombards (from Italy). A local residence which in medieval times was called the Lombards House still exists1<\/sup>. Also the religious prohibition of taking interest was \u2013 according to Bogaers – not carried out in practice in medieval Utrecht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet, an indirect and not local connection exists between this trade and Utrecht. In the Utrecht Archive are contracts (1332-1349), originally owned by a Jewish banker in the Zutphen region, which finally ended up in the DOM archive. The contracts are in Latin, the banker made notes on the back in Hebrew, probably the oldest known Hebrew writing from the northern Netherlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Remarks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Contract
Contract front side<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

From the fact that Utrecht has been explicitly mentioned in German \u201cMemor books\u201d as a locus of massacre in the period of Black Death, Jac. Zwarts deducted that a Jewish community must have existed in Utrecht already before 1349. These Memor-books were also cited recently by Levie Bernfeld & Wallet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Contract
Contract backside<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Salfeld (1898) surveyed various memorial records \u201cMemor books\u201d. In his chapter V \u201cDie Marterst\u00e4tten zur Zeit des schwarzen Todes\u201d he mentions under heading 41 (M\u00fcnster (Stift)) a.o. the locations, Utrecht, Broech, Keppel, and under heading 45 (K\u00f6ln) a.o. the locations Neumagen (=Nijmegen?!), Berg, Arnheim, Zutphen, Zwolle, Deventer… All these places are additions to earlier lists in memorial books (not mentioned before), taken from Memorial Books from Deutz (1531-1784), Bergheim (1677) and Rheinbach (~1650), i.e. from sources transmitted until and recorded well after the events. These records had a religious form i.e. to pray for the souls of the persecuted and murdered persons, but also kept the memories vivid.  Salfeld mentions in his introduction, that an earlier review by Jellinek is \u201c\u00e4usserst incorrect\u201d, but that he succeeded with the additions to compose a \u201cm\u00f6glichst richtigen\u201d text. Ultimately there is no way to check the historic reliability of the data. So even if murdering took place in the Utrecht region during the period of the Black Death, to my opinion the evidence for Jewish presence in Utrecht prior to 1435 is still too thin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is interesting to note furthermore that the Utrecht \u2018Sticht\u2019 and the M\u00fcnster Stift are considered in the Salfeld listing as the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jac. Zwarts \u2013 De Utrechtse Jeuderij, een jodenstraat in de Middeleeuwen \u2013 Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Genootschap van Joodse Wetenschap \u2013 1925 p.61 (http:\/\/www.genootschapjoodsewetenschap.nl\/downloads\/BM_02_1925_040_079.pdf)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S.Salfeld \u2013 Das Martyrologium des N\u00fcrnberger Memorbuches \u2013 Berlin 1898<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tirtsah Levie Bernfeld & Bart Wallet \u2013 Canon van 700 jaar joods Nederland \u2013 Joods Maatschappelijk Werk & Joods Educatief Centrum \u2018Crescas\u2019 \u2013 Amsterdam 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obligations of various persons in the Salland region to Godschalk van Recklinchusen (and others) and a deed in which Zueder, Lord of Voerst, takes Gosscalc, the Jew of Rekelinchusen as his servant (50 charters, entry 216, nr 4234-1 to 50)  in the Utrecht Archives (Het Utrechts Archief).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Llewellyn C.J.J. Bogaers – Aards, betrokken en zelfbewust : de verwevenheid van cultuur en religie in katholiek Utrecht, 1300-1600 – Utrecht 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> http:\/\/rijksmonumenten.nl\/monument\/450341\/lombardenhuis\/utrecht\/  and http:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lombardenhuis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

No records exist in Utrecht of Jewish presence before 1435. Money lending was possibly done (no proof is available) by Lombards (from Italy). A local residence which in medieval times was called the Lombards House still exists1. Also the religious prohibition of taking interest was \u2013 according to Bogaers – not carried out in practice in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/565"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=565"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/565\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":628,"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/565\/revisions\/628"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jodeninutrecht.nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=565"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}